Putin and Zelensky in the Mirror: Antagonistic Leadership through Visual Narratives in ‘El País’ During the Early Stages of the Conflict

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2024.56.08

Keywords:

political leadership, Russo- Ukrainian crisis, visual communication, semiotics of image, war communication

Abstract

This study examines the visual portrayal of the political leadership of Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelensky in the context of the Russo-Ukrainian war. By using a qualitative methodology based on the semiotics of image, and employing tools such as Content Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis, photographs published by international agencies have been analysed in order to explore how these leaders communicate and present themselves to the public through photography. Nine specific categories of analysis have been established for the purpose of thoroughly examining ten photographs from the first month of the conflict: type of shot; accompanied by other people, or alone; framing; colours; context, setting, non-verbal communication, attire and aesthetics; and lighting.  Images of Putin depict him as an authoritarian and autocratic leader, emphasizing his control, power, isolation through closed environments, his imposing body language, and symbols of national authority. By contrast, Zelensky is shown in contexts that are more varied and accessible, using military attire and gestures of resistance to convey solidarity, empathy, and participative leadership. This visual contrast highlights the distinct communicative strategies in the approach they take toward leadership. This study also highlights the importance of images in the construction of political leadership narratives.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Urko Peña, University of the Basque Country

Graduate in Communication, and Master in Social Research and Secondary Education Teaching. Currently, he is part of the project "Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Algorithms on Online Media, Journalists, and Audiences (IAMEDIA)" as a predoctoral researcher. He has been part of the DISARGUE project: Argumentation-based Explainable Detection and Mitigation of Misbehavior in Social Media. He is member of the Gureiker research group (UPV/EHU). His research interests include the datafication of journalism, social networks, artificial intelligence, and misinformation. He has published alongside other researchers "Journalists, discourse on the impact of generative artificial intelligence on misinformation" and has presented papers at conferences in Spain and internationally. Outside the academic realm, he has worked as a freelance video-journalist and audiovisual technician.

Ander Pérez, University of the Basque Country

He holds a degree in Journalism from the University of the Basque Country. He has a course in Management and Communication in Social Networks from the University of the Basque Country. In addition, he has studied the Performing Arts production program at the University of Navarra. He has published journalistic texts in media such as Naiz. and has worked as an editor and journalist in the regional newspaper La Voz de Asturias. He is currently a regular contributor to El Fielato, a regional newspaper in eastern Asturias, and El Campo de Asturias, a monthly newspaper specializing in livestock, gastronomy and agriculture. His final thesis consisted of a research project focusing on wartime public and political communication in the Russian-Ukrainian crisis.

References

Abad, Patricia (2020). Monocromía: La psicología del color aplicada a la fotografía. [Final Degree Project]. Universidad de Sevilla. https://idus.us.es/handle/11441/104818

Aparici, Roberto; García, Agustín; Fernández, Jenaro, and Osuna, Sara (2009). La imagen: Análisis y representación de la realidad. GEDISA.

Averianova, Nina and Voropaieva, Tetiana (2020). Transformation of the collective identity of Ukrainian citizens after the Revolution of Dignity (2014-2019). Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal, (7), 45-71. https://doi.org/10.18523/kmhj219654.2020-7.45-71

Avolio, Bruce J. and Gardner, William. L. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2005.03.001

Bárcena, Leticia (2013). Planos, encuadres y composición fotográfica. Vida Científica Boletín Científico de la Escuela Preparatoria, 4(1). https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Barredo, Daniel (2015). El análisis de contenido. Una introducción a la cuantificación de la realidad. Revista San Gregorio, 8(29), 106-111. https://doi.org/10.36097/rsan.v0i0.113

Bass, Bernard and Riggio, Ronald (2006). Transformational leadership. Psychology Press.

Batallé, Mateu (2020). El valor simbòlic de la corbata en la construcció de la imatge de l´home. [Doctoral dissertation]. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. https://ddd.uab.cat/record/241588

Battista, Daniele (2024). The evolution of digital communication: Zelensky and the use of Instagram in wartime. Athens Journal of Social Sciences, 1-16.

Blackaby, Henry and Blackaby, Richard (2006). Spiritual leadership: The interactive study. B&H Publishing Group.

Bolívar, Ariana (2007). Análisis del discurso: ¿Por qué y para qué? CEC, SA.

Bonnell, Victoria E. (1998). Iconography of power: Soviet political posters under Lenin and Stalin (vol. 27). University of California Press.

Brothers, Caroline (2013). War and photography: A cultural history. Routledge.

Burr, Vivien (2015). Social constructionism. Routledge.

Catenazzi, Andrea and Da Representacao, Natalia (2009). Acerca de la gestión de la proximidad. Manual de gestión de la política social. Conceptos y herramientas. UNGS/Prometeo.

Centeno, Patrycia (2012). Política y moda, la imagen del poder. Ediciones y Península.

Chiluwa, Innocent and Ruzaite, Jurate (2024). Analysing the language of political conflict: A study of war rhetoric of Vladimir Putin and Volodymyr Zelensky. Critical Discourse Studies, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2024.2331186

Corral, David (2022). Medios de comunicación en la guerra de Ucrania, voces y certeza frente al silencio y la desinformación. Instituto Español de Documentos Estratégicos, 47. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Dijk, Teun A. van (2005). Ideología y análisis del discurso. Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana, 10(29), 9-36. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Duncan, Phyllis; Green, Mark; Gergen, Esther, and Ecung, Wenonah (2017). Authentic leadership —is it more than emotional intelligence? Administrative Issues Journal, 7(2), 3. https://doi.org/10.5929/2017.7.2.2

Espuny, Marta (2022, April). Zelenski, comunicación y liderazgo en tiempos revueltos. Agenciacomma.com. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Folguera, Eduardo and Muros, Adrián (2013). La iluminación artificial es arquitectura. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya.

Fragoso, José Luis (2009). Algunas reflexiones en torno al concepto del liderazgo. UAA.

Freeman, Michael (2021). Los ojos del fotógrafo. Editorial Blume.

Fry, Louis (2009). Spiritual leadership as a model for student inner development. Journal of Leadership Studies, 3(3), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/jls.20127

Gabor, Nataliya; Lavrysh, Yuliana, and Pavlyuk, Lyudmyla (2024). Communication narratives of President Zelensky shaping a new image of Ukraine in the world. Dynamics of uncertainty, unrest and fragility in Europe: In the shadow of the Ukraine and migration crises (pp. 133-155). Routledge.

Galindo, Félix; Subiela, Blas J., and González-Sicilia, Manuel (2014). Análisis del color como connotador en la fotografía publicitaria. Miguel Hernández Communication Journal, 5, 53-90. https://doi.org/10.21134/mhcj.v1i5.56

García-Gil, Mónica (2010). El uso de la imagen como herramienta de investigación. Campos en Ciencias Sociales, 1(2), 363-372. https://doi.org/10.15332/s2339-3688.2013.0002.07

González-Teruel, Aurora (2015). Estrategias metodológicas para la investigación del usuario en los medios sociales: Análisis de contenido, teoría fundamental y análisis del discurso. Profesional de la Información, 24(3), 321-328. https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2015.may.12

Greenleaf, Rorbert K. (1998). The power of servant-leadership. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Harvey, Hugo (2022). Crisis ruso-ucraniana, 2021-2022. Panorama de Seguridad & Defensa. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Houlihan, Fiona (2020). Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership styles: Is there a link between these leadership styles and absenteeism/withdrawal amongst millennials? [Doctoral dissertation]. National College of Ireland.

Karam, Tanius (2005). Una introducción al estudio del discurso y al análisis del discurso. Revista Global Media México, 2(3). https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/687

Kelly, Jon (April, 2012). The symbolism of the raised fist. BBC News. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Kendall-Taylor, Andrea and Frantz, Erica (2022). After Putin: Lessons from autocratic leadership transitions. The Washington Quarterly, 45(1), 79-96. https://doi.org/10.1080/0163660X.2022.2057112

Kuzio, Taras (2024). Ukrainian versus Pan-Russian Identities: The Roots of Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine. Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism. https://doi.org/10.1111/sena.12422

Lara-Aguiar, Jonathan; Mila-Maldonado, Juan; Mora-Noguera, Angy, and Valle, Dennis (2023). Enmarcando la guerra, agenda setting y framing en torno al conflicto bélico Rusia-Ucrania de 2022. GIGAPP Estudios Working Papers, 10(252), 77-100.

Leeuwen, Theo van and Jaworski, Adam (2002). The discourses of war photography. Journal of Language and Politics,

(2), 255-275. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.1.2.06lee

Leithwood, Ken and Jantzi, Doris (2005). Transformational leadership. The Essentials of School Leadership, 31(43).

Lewin, Kurt (1936). Principles of topological psychology. McGraw-Hill.

López-Noguero, Fernando (2002). El análisis de contenido como método de investigación. Revista de Educación, 4, 167-179. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

López Rabadán, Pablo and Doménech-Fabregat, Hugo (2019). Gestión estratégica de Instagram en los partidos españoles. El avance de la política espectáculo en el proceso independentista de Cataluña. Trípodos, 45, 179-205. https://doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2019.45p179-207

Mariño, Miguel (2009). Desde el análisis de contenido hacia el análisis del discurso. La necesidad de una apuesta decidida por la triangulación metodológica. Iberoamérica: Comunicación, cultura y desarrollo en la era digital (pp. 1-10). https://uvadoc.uva.es/handle/10324/18348

Martín, José Luis and Ortiz, Yolanda (2022). La batalla de la historia en la guerra de Ucrania. International Visual Culture Review, 9(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.37467/revvisual.v9.3541

Martín-Ovejero, José Luis (2023, March). ¿Quién vence en la guerra de comunicación? Martinovejero.com. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Marzal, Javier (2005). Una propuesta de análisis de la imagen fotográfica mediante la utilización de tecnologías digitales e informacionales. In Rafael López, Javier Marzal, and Francisco Javier Gómez (Eds.), Análisis de la imagen fotográfica (pp. 50-80). Universitat Jaume I.

Milosevich-Juaristi, Mira (2022). La guerra de Ucrania y los conflictos recientes en el espacio post-soviético. Real Instituto Elcano, 61. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Murillo-Torrecilla, Francisco Javier (2006). Dirección escolar para el cambio: Del liderazgo transformacional al liderazgo distribuido. REICE: Revista Iberoamericana sobre Calidad, Eficacia y Cambio en Educación, 4(4), 11-24. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Oksamytna, Kseniya (2023). Imperialism, supremacy, and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Contemporary Security Policy, 44(4), 497-512. https://doi.org/10.1080/

2023.2259661

O’Loughlin, Ben (2011). Images as weapons of war: Representation, mediation and interpretation. Review of International Studies, 37(1), 71-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0260210510000811

Parmelee, John H. and Roman, Nataliya (2019). Insta-politicos: Motivations for following political leaders on Instagram. Social Media and Society, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119837

Pease, Allan (2006). Comunicación no verbal (“El Lenguaje del Cuerpo”). Amat.

Petrone, Patrizio (2022). Las banderas y su influencia en la conducta social. Revista Colombiana de Cirugía, 37(3), 360-363. https://doi.org/10.30944/20117582.1286

Plazas-Olmedo, Maite and López-Rabadán, Pablo (2023). Selfies and speeches of a President at war: Volodymyr Zelensky’s strategy of spectacularization on Instagram. Media and Communication, 11(2), 188-202. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6366

Pons, Catalina (2017). Comunicación no verbal. Kairós.

Poulakidakos, Stamatis and Giannouli, Iliana (2019). Greek political leaders on Instagram: Between “soft” and “hard” personalization. Visual Political Communication, 187-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18729-3_10

Priego, Alberto (27 June 2022). Los seis ejes de la cumbre de la OTAN en Madrid. The Conversation. https://acortar.link/JlhpeH

Renobell, Víctor (2005). Hipervisualidad. La imagen fotográfica en la sociedad del conocimiento y de la comunicación digital. UOC Papers: Revista sobre la Sociedad del Conocimiento, 1, 1-11. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Rivas de Roca, Rubén and García-Gordillo, Mar (2023). Creación periodística de héroes y anti-héroes en Twitter: Zelenski y Putin en la guerra de Ucrania. Revista de Comunicación, 22(1), 397-412. https://doi.org/10.26441/RC22.1-2023-2939

Shim, David (2013). Visual politics and North Korea: Seeing is believing. Routledge.

Silva, Alberto (2016). What is leadership? Journal of Business Studies Quarterly, 8(1), 1-5. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Sontag, Susan (1977). In Plato’s cave. On Photography, 3, 3-24.

Sprey, Jan A. (2015). Videoconferencing as a communication tool. Writing and speaking in the technology professions: A practical guide (pp. 370-376). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119134633.ch61

Stogdill, Ralph M. (1974). Handbook of leadership: A survey of theory and research. Free Press.

Susperregui, José Manuel (1987). La fotografía como medio de comunicación de las masas. KOBIE (Serie Bellas Artes), 4, 193-200. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Taylor, Jhon (2020). War photography: Realism in the British press. Routledge.

Trachtenberg, Alan (2018). Albums of war: On reading civil war photographs. Critical issues in American art (pp. 135-154). Routledge.

Treisman, Daniel (2018). The new autocracy: Information, politics, and policy in Putin’s Russia. Brookings Institution Press.

Vega, Esteban (2020). La narrativa de un cortometraje a través del encuadre vertical. [Final Degree Project]. Universidad de las Américas. https://acortar.link/FMzxGL

Ventura, Daniel (2024). Uso de las redes sociales digitales por grupos violentistas en los conflictos sociales contra el Ejército: Ayacucho, 2022-2023. [Doctoral dissertation]. Escuela Superior de Guerra del Ejército. https://acortar.link/Mvpjoe

Wajsman, Gustavo and González, Gregorio (2022). Análisis del conflicto de Rusia y Ucrania. Boletín del Departamento de Seguridad Internacional y Defensa, 50, 60-70. http://sedici.unlp.edu.ar/handle/10915/146176

Willner, Ann R. (1985). The spellbinders: Charismatic political leadership. Yale University Press.

Downloads

Published

03-02-2025

How to Cite

Orbegozo Terradillos, J., Peña, U., & Pérez, A. (2025). Putin and Zelensky in the Mirror: Antagonistic Leadership through Visual Narratives in ‘El País’ During the Early Stages of the Conflict. Tripodos, (56), 99–122. https://doi.org/10.51698/tripodos.2024.56.08

Similar Articles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 > >> 

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.